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The island is geographically separated from the Indian subcontinent by the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait. The legislative capitalSri Jayawardenepura Kotteis a suburb of the commercial capital and largest city, Colombo.

Sri Lanka’s documented history spans 3, years, with evidence of pre-historic human settlements dating back to at leastyears. A nationalist political movement arose in the country in the early 20th century to obtain political independence, which was granted in ; the country became a republic and adopted its current name in The current constitution stipulates the political system as a republic and a unitary state governed by a semi-presidential system.

Buddhism is given special privileges in the Sri Lankan constitution. The island is home to many cultures, languages and ethnicities.

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The majority of the population are from the Sinhalese ethnicitywhile a large minority of Tamils have also played an influential role in the island’s history.

MoorsBurghersMalaysChineseand the indigenous Vedda are also established groups on the island. In antiquity, Sri Lanka was known to travellers by a variety of names.

According to the Mahavamsathe legendary Prince Vijaya named the land Tambapanni ” copper-red hands” or “copper-red earth”because his followers’ hands were reddened by the red soil of the area.

The pre-history of Sri Lanka goes backyears and possibly even as far back asyears. In these caves, archaeologists have found the remains of anatomically modern humans which they have named Balangoda Manand other evidence [35] suggesting that they may have engaged in agriculture and kept domestic dogs for driving game.

One of the first written references to the island is found in the Indian epic Ramayanawhich provides details of a kingdom named Lanka that was created by the divine sculptor Vishwakarma for Kuberathe Lord of Wealth.

Early inhabitants of Sri Lanka were probably ancestors of the Vedda people[40] an indigenous people numbering approximately 2, living in modern-day Sri Lanka.

The 19th-century Irish historian James Emerson Tennent theorized that Gallea city in southern Sri Lanka, was the ancient seaport of Tarshish from which King Solomon is said to have drawn ivorypeacocksand other valuables.

Ancient cemeteries that were used before BC and other signs of advanced civilisation have also been discovered in Sri Lanka. Sri Lankan dynastic history ended inwhen the island became part of the British Empire.

Thereafter, Anuradhapura served as the capital city of the country for nearly 1, years. Succeeding kingdoms of Sri Lanka would maintain a large number of Buddhist schools and monasteries and support the propagation of Buddhism into other countries in Southeast Asia.

It is probable that many of the scriptures from Nalanda are preserved in Sri Lanka’s many monasteries and that the written form of the Tipitakaincluding Sinhalese Buddhist literature, were part of the University of Nalanda.

Bodhivamsa [51]. Sri Lanka first experienced a foreign invasion during the reign of Suratissawho was defeated by two horse traders named Sena and Guttika from South India.

Dutugemunuthe eldest son of the southern regional sub-king, Kavan Tissadefeated Elara in the Battle of Vijithapura.

He built Ruwanwelisayathe second stupa in ancient Sri Lanka, and the Lovamahapaya. During its two and a half millennia of existence, the Kingdom of Sri Lanka was invaded at least eight times by neighbouring South Asian dynasties such as the CholaPandyaCheraand Pallava.

These invaders were all subsequently driven back.

Kala Wewa and the Avukana Buddha statue were built during the reign of Dhatusena. The council was held in response to a year in which the harvests in Sri Lanka were particularly poor and many Buddhist monks subsequently died of starvation.

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After the Council, palm-leaf manuscripts containing the completed Canon were taken to other countries such as BurmaThailandCambodia and Laos.

Sri Lanka was the first Asian country known to have a female ruler: Anula of Anuradhapura r. The Sigiriya rock fortress is surrounded by an extensive network of ramparts and moats.

Inside this protective enclosure were gardens, ponds, pavilions, palaces and other structures. The 1,year-old Sigiriya frescoes are an example of ancient Sri Lankan art at its finest.

Biso Kotuwa, a peculiar construction inside a damis a technological marvel based on precise mathematics that allows water to flow outside the dam, keeping pressure on the dam to a minimum.

Ancient Sri Lanka was the first country in the world to establish a dedicated hospital, in Mihintale in the 4th century.

It maintained close ties with European civilisations including the Roman Empire. For example, Bhatikabhaya 22 BC — AD 7 sent an envoy to Rome who brought back red coralwhich was used to make an elaborate netlike adornment for the Ruwanwelisaya.

In addition, Sri Lankan male dancers witnessed the assassination of Caligula. The medieval period of Sri Lanka begins with the fall of Anuradhapura Kingdom.

Taking advantage of this situation, Rajendra Ison of Rajaraja I, launched a large invasion in Mahinda V was captured and taken to India, and the Cholas sacked the city of Anuradhapura.

Subsequently, they moved the capital to Polonnaruwa.

This marked the end of the two great dynasties of ancient Sri Lanka, the Moriya and the Lambakanna. Following a seventeen-year-long campaign, Vijayabahu I successfully drove the Chola out of Sri Lanka inreuniting the country for the first time in over a century.

After his demise, Sri Lanka gradually decayed in power.

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InKalinga Maghaa South Indian with uncertain origins, identified as the founder of the Jaffna kingdom, invaded and captured the Kingdom of Polonnaruwa.

He sailed from Kalinga [74] nautical miles on large ships with a 24, strong army.

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Unlike previous invaders, he lootedransacked, and destroyed everything in the ancient Anuradhapura and Polonnaruwa Kingdoms beyond recovery.

His reign saw the massive migration of native Sinhalese people to the south and west of Sri Lanka, and into the mountainous interior, in a bid to escape his power.

Sri Lanka never really recovered from the impact of Kalinga Magha’s invasion.

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The north, in the meanwhile, eventually evolved into the Jaffna kingdom. The next three centuries starting from were marked by kaleidoscopically shifting collections of kingdoms in south and central Sri Lanka, including Dambadeniya, YapahuwaGampolaRaigamaKotte[82] Sitawakaand finally, Kandy.

Chinese admiral Zheng He and his naval expeditionary force landed at Galle, Sri Lanka in and got into battle with the local king Vira Alakesvara of Gampola.

Zheng He captured King Vira Alakesvara and later released him. Thomlin at Galle in and is now preserved in the Colombo National Museum. Inafter decades of intermittent warfare with the Portuguese, Vimaladharmasuriya I moved his kingdom to the inland city of Kandya location he thought more secure from attack.

During the reign of the Rajasinghe IIDutch explorers arrived on the island.

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Inthe king signed a treaty with the Dutch East India Company to get rid of the Portuguese who ruled most of the coastal areas.

The Dutch remained in the areas they had captured, thereby violating the treaty they had signed in An ethnic group named Burgher people emerged in Sri Lankan society as a result of Dutch rule.

The Kingdom of Kandy was the last independent monarchy of Sri Lanka. Later, a crisis of succession emerged in Kandy upon king Vira Narendrasinha ‘s death in He was married to a Telugu -speaking Nayakkar princess from South India Madurai and was childless by her.

Eventually, with the support of bhikku Weliwita Sarankara, the crown passed to the brother of one of Narendrasinha’s princesses, overlooking the right of “Unambuwe Bandara”Narendrasinha’s own son by a Sinhalese concubine.

Kings of the Nayakkar dynasty launched several attacks on Dutch controlled areas, which proved to be unsuccessful. During the Napoleonic Warsfearing that French control of the Netherlands might deliver Sri Lanka to the French, Great Britain occupied the coastal areas of the island which they called Ceylon with little difficulty in Following his death, a nephew of Rajadhi Rajasinha, eighteen-year-old Kannasamy, was crowned.

The First Kandyan War ended in a stalemate.

The beginning of the modern period of Sri Lanka is marked by the Colebrooke-Cameron reforms of By this time, experiments with coffee plantations were largely successful.

Soon coffee became the primary commodity export of Sri Lanka. Falling coffee prices as a result of the depression of stalled economic development and prompted the governor to introduce a series of taxes on firearms, dogs, shops, boats, etc.

09.03.2020 – MSN Encarta Encyclopedia. Full power. Although partially reversed in , the bill posed a grave concern for the Tamil community, which perceived in it a threat to their language and culture.

Tea production in Sri Lanka thrived in the following decades. Large-scale rubber plantations began in the early 20th century. By the end of the 19th century, a new educated social class transcending race and caste arose through British attempts to staff the Ceylon Civil Service and the legal, educational, and medical professions.

Buddhist and Hindu revivalism reacted against Christian missionary activities. Inmajor Sinhalese and Tamil political organisations united to form the Ceylon National Congress, under the leadership of Ponnambalam Arunachalam[] pressing colonial masters for more constitutional reforms.

But without massive popular support, and with the governor’s encouragement for “communal representation” by creating a “Colombo seat” that dangled between Sinhalese and Tamils, the Congress lost momentum towards the mids.

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This step was strongly criticised by the Tamil political leadership, who realised that they would be reduced to a minority in the newly created State Council of Ceylonwhich succeeded the legislative council.

However, this demand was not met by the Soulbury reforms of — The Soulbury constitution ushered in Dominion statuswith independence proclaimed on 4 February Senanayake became the first Prime Minister of Ceylon.

A countrywide popular demonstration against withdrawal of the rice ration, known as Hartalresulted in the resignation of prime minister Dudley Senanayake.

Bandaranaike was elected prime minister in His three-year rule had a profound impact through his self-proclaimed role of “defender of the besieged Sinhalese culture”.

Although partially reversed inthe bill posed a grave concern for the Tamil community, which perceived in it a threat to their language and culture.

The Federal Party FP launched a movement of non-violent resistance satyagraha against the bill, which prompted Bandaranaike to reach an agreement Bandaranaike—Chelvanayakam Pact with S.

Chelvanayakamleader of the FP, to resolve the looming ethnic conflict. The bill, together with various government colonisation schemescontributed much towards the political rancour between Sinhalese and Tamil political leaders.

During her second term as prime minister, the government instituted socialist economic policies, strengthening ties with the Soviet Union and Chinawhile promoting a policy of non-alignment.

InCeylon experienced a Marxist insurrectionwhich was quickly suppressed. Inthe country became a republic named Sri Lanka, repudiating its dominion status.

Prolonged minority grievances and the use of communal emotionalism as an election campaign weapon by both Sinhalese and Tamil leaders abetted a fledgling Tamil militancy in the north during the s.

The government of J. Jayawardene swept to power indefeating the largely unpopular United Front government. It made Sri Lanka the first South Asian country to liberalise its economy.

An LTTE attack on 13 soldiers resulted in the anti-Tamil race riots in Julyallegedly backed by Sinhalese hard-line ministers, which resulted in more thanTamil civilians fleeing the island, seeking asylum in other countries.

Lapses in foreign policy resulted in India strengthening the Tigers by providing arms and training.